From Dim Red to White: How LEDs Got Their Colours
In short: How LEDs went from Holonyak's dim red 1962 device to blue gallium nitride breakthroughs and white light, and why the band gap of a semiconductor decides the colour.
A 2:01 short film in the series “How Things Work”, narrated by intellect_voice_01.
Sources used in this film: U.S. Department of Energy (Solid-State Lighting program), “LED Basics | Department of Energy”; Molecular Expressions (Florida State University / National High Magnetic Field Laboratory), Microscopy Primer, “Molecular Expressions Microscopy Primer: Physics of Light and Color”; HyperPhysics (R. Nave, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University); adapted from Craford, Holonyak & Kish, "In Pursuit of the Ultimate Lamp", Scientific American 284, Feb 2001, “Light Emitting Diodes”; Interdisciplinary Education Group, Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC), University of Wisconsin-Madison, “LED_SECME_2013_FINAL”; Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, “Light-Emitting Diode (LED)”; The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, “Nick Holonyak Jr. a Bright Light Remembered”; Nature Photonics (Springer Nature); commentary by Nikolay Zheludev, Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, April 2007, “The life and times of the LED — a 100-year history”; Nobel Prize Outreach (NobelPrize.org), “Nobel Prize in Physics 2014”; The Nobel Foundation (nobelprize.org), Nobel Lecture by Shuji Nakamura, University of California, Santa Barbara, 8 December 2014, “Shuji Nakamura - Nobel Lecture: Background Story of the Invention of Efficient Blue InGaN Light Emitting Diodes”; ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (The Electrochemical Society), published via IOP Publishing; review by Claude Weisbuch, 2019, “Review—On The Search for Efficient Solid State Light Emitters: Past, Present, Future”; U.S. Department of Energy, Building Technologies Office (Lighting R&D Program), “2019 Solid-State Lighting R&D Opportunities”; U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Office, Solid-State Lighting Program (R&D Plan, June 2016, DOE/EE-1418), “Solid-State Lighting R&D Plan June 2016”.
Sources used in this film
- U.S. Department of Energy (Solid-State Lighting program) — LED Basics | Department of Energy · View →
- Molecular Expressions (Florida State University / National High Magnetic Field Laboratory), Microscopy Primer — Molecular Expressions Microscopy Primer: Physics of Light and Color · View →
- HyperPhysics (R. Nave, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University); adapted from Craford, Holonyak & Kish, "In Pursuit of the Ultimate Lamp", Scientific American 284, Feb 2001 — Light Emitting Diodes · View →
- Interdisciplinary Education Group, Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC), University of Wisconsin-Madison — LED_SECME_2013_FINAL · View →
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign — Light-Emitting Diode (LED) · View →
- The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign — Nick Holonyak Jr. a Bright Light Remembered · View →
- Nature Photonics (Springer Nature); commentary by Nikolay Zheludev, Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, April 2007 — The life and times of the LED — a 100-year history · View →
- Nobel Prize Outreach (NobelPrize.org) — Nobel Prize in Physics 2014 · View →
- The Nobel Foundation (nobelprize.org), Nobel Lecture by Shuji Nakamura, University of California, Santa Barbara, 8 December 2014 — Shuji Nakamura - Nobel Lecture: Background Story of the Invention of Efficient Blue InGaN Light Emitting Diodes · View →
- ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (The Electrochemical Society), published via IOP Publishing; review by Claude Weisbuch, 2019 — Review—On The Search for Efficient Solid State Light Emitters: Past, Present, Future · View →
- U.S. Department of Energy, Building Technologies Office (Lighting R&D Program) — 2019 Solid-State Lighting R&D Opportunities · View →
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Office, Solid-State Lighting Program (R&D Plan, June 2016, DOE/EE-1418) — Solid-State Lighting R&D Plan June 2016 · View →
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Sources
- Summary by Intellect · source: U.S. Department of Energy (Solid-State Lighting program): LED Basics | Department of Energy
- Also: Molecular Expressions (Florida State University / National High Magnetic Field Laboratory), Microscopy Primer: Molecular Expressions Microscopy Primer: Physics of Light and Color
- Also: HyperPhysics (R. Nave, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University): Light Emitting Diodes
- Also: Interdisciplinary Education Group, Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC), University of Wisconsin-Ma: LED_SECME_2013_FINAL
- Also: Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Cham: Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
- Also: Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign: Nick Holonyak Jr. a Bright Light Remembered
- Also: Nature Photonics (Springer Nature); commentary by Nikolay Zheludev, Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of South: The life and times of the LED — a 100-year history
- Also: Nobel Prize Outreach (NobelPrize.org): Nobel Prize in Physics 2014
- Also: The Nobel Foundation (nobelprize.org), Nobel Lecture by Shuji Nakamura, University of California, Santa Barbara, 8 Decem: Shuji Nakamura - Nobel Lecture: Background Story of the Invention of Efficient Blue InGaN Light Emitting Diodes
- Also: ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (The Electrochemical Society), published via IOP Publishing; review by: Review—On The Search for Efficient Solid State Light Emitters: Past, Present, Future
- Also: U.S. Department of Energy, Building Technologies Office (BTO) Lighting R&D Program: 2019 Solid-State Lighting R&D Opportunities
- Also: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Office (Solid-State L: Solid-State Lighting R&D Plan June 2016
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