Why China’s Peony Capital is a Crucible of Ancient History and Imperial Power

Countries & Cities · Published 29 September 2026 Swipe more like this →

In short: Known as the Peony Capital of China, Heze is far more than a floral hub. This Shandong prefecture served as a cradle for Chinese civilization, shaping the rise and fall of dynasties. From the birthplace of legendary figures to the site of imperial proclamations, Heze remains a profound historical anchor.

Heze, located in the westernmost part of Shandong province, occupies a unique position in the narrative of Chinese civilization. Historically known as Caozhou, the region is deeply tied to the foundational myths and early political structures of the nation. It is identified as the birthplace of Fuxi, the legendary founder of humanities, and the ancestral home of the wise monarchs Yao and Shun. The area’s historical significance is further cemented by its role as a center for Dayu’s ancient flood control efforts and the location of capitals for the Shang Dynasty, such as Beibo and Bi.

The city’s influence on imperial history is equally striking. It was in Dingtao, within modern-day Heze, that Liu Bang declared himself emperor, effectively launching the Han Dynasty. His wife, Empress Lv Zhi—the first empress of China—also hailed from this region. Centuries later, the city remained a catalyst for political upheaval; the late-Tang Dynasty uprisings led by Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao, both from Heze, accelerated the collapse of that era. The final emperor of the Tang, Li Bai, was even buried in Jiyin, a site now within the city’s borders.

Beyond its political legacy, Heze is defined by its enduring relationship with the peony, or Mudan. Cultivation of these flowers began in the Sui Dynasty and reached its zenith during the Ming and Qing periods. Today, the city is the largest center for peony production in China, with the industry contributing over 30% of its GDP. The flower is deeply woven into local culture, from the legendary 'hundred-flower cake' attributed to Empress Wu Zetian to the city’s own Mudan District. With a climate that shifts between humid subtropical and continental zones, the region balances its agricultural heritage with a modern, interconnected infrastructure, including high-speed rail and a dedicated airport opened in 2021.

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