From Brooklyn antiparasitics to global vaccines: The evolution of a pharmaceutical giant
Founded in 1849 by two German cousins, Pfizer began by producing simple chemical compounds in Brooklyn. Today, it stands as a global pharmaceutical powerhouse, having pivoted from fine chemicals to complex research-based medicine. Its history is defined by massive acquisitions, accidental drug discoveries, and the pursuit of medical breakthroughs.
Pfizer was established in 1849 by Charles Pfizer and Charles F. Erhart, who immigrated from Ludwigsburg, Germany. Initially, the company focused on chemical production in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, finding early success with an antiparasitic called santonin and later, citric acid. The company’s trajectory shifted significantly during World War I when supply disruptions led them to develop expertise in fermentation technology. This capability proved vital during World War II, enabling the mass production of penicillin to treat Allied soldiers.
The 1950s marked a pivotal transformation into a research-based pharmaceutical firm, spurred by the discovery of oxytetracycline. Throughout the late 20th century, Pfizer grew through both internal innovation and aggressive acquisition. Notable developments include the accidental discovery of Viagra, originally intended for heart conditions, and the blockbuster success of Lipitor, which became the best-selling drug ever with $125 billion in sales over 14.5 years. Acquisitions of companies like Warner-Lambert, Pharmacia, and Wyeth further cemented its position as a global leader.
In recent years, the company has navigated complex challenges, including failed clinical trials, such as the 2006 termination of torcetrapib, and intense regulatory scrutiny regarding corporate tax strategies. Despite these hurdles, Pfizer remains a dominant force in immunology, oncology, and vaccines. In 2025, the company reported significant revenues from products like Eliquis and Prevnar, with the United States accounting for 59% of its total income. Today, the corporation operates from its headquarters at The Spiral in Manhattan, continuing a legacy that began in a small Brooklyn factory.
Source: Pfizer
