Air, Taken Apart: Who Supplies Industrial Oxygen and Nitrogen
In short: How air is split into oxygen and nitrogen, how those gases reach steelworks, hospitals and factories, and what dated, sourced evidence says about the companies that supply them.
A 2:07 short film in the series “How Things Work”, narrated by intellect_voice_01.
Sources used in this film: Springer Nature (Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals); authors from CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur, and Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, “Life Cycle Assessment of Oxygen and Nitrogen Production in Iron and Steel Industry and Its Regional Comparison - Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals”; Science History Institute, “Carl von Linde”; Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (2025 Annual Report, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission), “APD_AR_2025_WO3_TRD_PRINT_ForEDGAR.indd”; Linde plc (Annual Report 2025 / Form 10-K, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission), “ef20071892_ars.pdf”; European Commission, Directorate-General for Competition (Case M.8480 Praxair/Linde, decision C(2018) 7038 final, Brussels, 22 October 2018), “m8480_8845_3.pdf”; U.S. Federal Trade Commission, “FTC Requires International Industrial Gas Suppliers Praxair, Inc. and Linde AG to Divest Assets in Nine Industrial Gas Markets as a Condition of Merger | Federal Trade Commission”; EIGA (European Industrial Gases Association), Facts & Figures booklet 2024, published May 2025; market data credited to gasworld Business Intelligence, “EIGA-FACTS-FIGURES-BOOKLET-2024-V4.pdf”; Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A (Zhejiang University and Springer-Verlag); review by Zhang et al., 2014, Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Zhejiang University, with Hangzhou Hangyan…, “Microsoft Word - A140501.doc”; Entropy (MDPI), via PubMed Central (US National Library of Medicine); authors from Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, “Energy Consumption of Air-Separation Adsorption Methods”; Elsevier (ScienceDirect), Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, Vol. 34, 2014; chapter by Richard C. Pattison and Michael Baldea, “Optimal Design of Air Separation Plants with Variable Electricity Pricing”; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Oxygen Supply Chain Profile, EPA 817-F-22-034, December 2022, “Oxygen Supply Chain- Full Profile”.
Sources used in this film
- Springer Nature (Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals); authors from CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur, and Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai — Life Cycle Assessment of Oxygen and Nitrogen Production in Iron and Steel Industry and Its Regional Comparison - Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals · View →
- Science History Institute — Carl von Linde · View →
- Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (2025 Annual Report, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission) — APD_AR_2025_WO3_TRD_PRINT_ForEDGAR.indd · View →
- Linde plc (Annual Report 2025 / Form 10-K, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission) — ef20071892_ars.pdf · View →
- European Commission, Directorate-General for Competition (Case M.8480 Praxair/Linde, decision C(2018) 7038 final, Brussels, 22 October 2018) — m8480_8845_3.pdf · View →
- U.S. Federal Trade Commission — FTC Requires International Industrial Gas Suppliers Praxair, Inc. and Linde AG to Divest Assets in Nine Industrial Gas Markets as a Condition of Merger | Federal Trade Commission · View →
- EIGA (European Industrial Gases Association), Facts & Figures booklet 2024, published May 2025; market data credited to gasworld Business Intelligence — EIGA-FACTS-FIGURES-BOOKLET-2024-V4.pdf · View →
- Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A (Zhejiang University and Springer-Verlag); review by Zhang et al., 2014, Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Zhejiang University, with Hangzhou Hangyan… — Microsoft Word - A140501.doc · View →
- Entropy (MDPI), via PubMed Central (US National Library of Medicine); authors from Wroclaw University of Science and Technology — Energy Consumption of Air-Separation Adsorption Methods · View →
- Elsevier (ScienceDirect), Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, Vol. 34, 2014; chapter by Richard C. Pattison and Michael Baldea — Optimal Design of Air Separation Plants with Variable Electricity Pricing · View →
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Oxygen Supply Chain Profile, EPA 817-F-22-034, December 2022 — Oxygen Supply Chain- Full Profile · View →
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Sources
- Summary by Intellect · source: Springer Nature (Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals); authors from CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, J: Life Cycle Assessment of Oxygen and Nitrogen Production in Iron and Steel Industry and Its Regional Comparison - Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals
- Also: Science History Institute: Carl von Linde
- Also: Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (2025 Annual Report, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission): APD_AR_2025_WO3_TRD_PRINT_ForEDGAR.indd
- Also: Linde plc (Annual Report 2025 / Form 10-K, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission): ef20071892_ars.pdf
- Also: European Commission, Directorate-General for Competition (Case M.8480 Praxair/Linde, decision C(2018) 7038 final, Brusse: m8480_8845_3.pdf
- Also: U.S. Federal Trade Commission: FTC Requires International Industrial Gas Suppliers Praxair, Inc. and Linde AG to Divest Assets in Nine Industrial Gas Markets as a Condition of Merger | Federal Trade Commission
- Also: EIGA (European Industrial Gases Association), Facts & Figures booklet 2024, published May 2025; market data credited to : EIGA-FACTS-FIGURES-BOOKLET-2024-V4.pdf
- Also: Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A (Zhejiang University and Springer-Verlag); review by Zhang et al., 2014, Instit: Microsoft Word - A140501.doc
- Also: Entropy (MDPI), via PubMed Central (US National Library of Medicine); authors from Wroclaw University of Science and Tec: Energy Consumption of Air-Separation Adsorption Methods
- Also: Elsevier (ScienceDirect), Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, Vol. 34, 2014; chapter by Richard C. Pattison and Michael: Optimal Design of Air Separation Plants with Variable Electricity Pricing
- Also: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Oxygen Supply Chain Profile, EPA 817-F-22-034, December 2022: Oxygen Supply Chain- Full Profile
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