The severe whiteface and the grotesque Auguste: a study in circus hierarchy
In short: During the 1800s, circus performers were far more than simple jokers. They inhabited sophisticated comedic archetypes, ranging from the severe, elegantly costumed whiteface leader to the grotesque, exaggerated Auguste. These distinct roles allowed for a complex hierarchy of humor that blended intellectual monologues with physical slapstick comedy.
The clown's role in the 19th-century circus was multifaceted. Early performers often delivered long monologues that included songs and even "words of wisdom" on current events or political topics. Some even quoted Shakespeare, demonstrating a level of intellectual engagement that contrasts with the modern perception of the clown as a purely slapstick figure.
The whiteface clown is the oldest archetype, often serving as the group leader. These performers wear elegant costumes, including ruffled collars and pointed hats, and use heavy white makeup to cover the entire face and neck. Their demeanor is described as severe and domineering, providing a stark contrast to their comedic surroundings.
In contrast, the Auguste—conceived by American performer Tom Belling in the late 19th century—is defined by its grotesque and exaggerated behavior. While the whiteface is the instigator, the Auguste is the recipient of the comedy: they are the ones who get hit with pies, squirted with water, or have their trousers ripped off. Their costumes are intentionally baggy and loud, featuring polka dots, stripes, and unruly wigs.
The character clown adds another layer of complexity by adopting specific personas, such as a butcher, baker, or policeman. This includes the 'tramp' or 'hobo' clown, a popular American variety featuring shabby garments and a five-o'clock shadow. Together, these archetypes create a structured comedic hierarchy where different styles of humor—from the sophisticated to the ridiculous—coexist in the ring.
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Sources
- Summary by Intellect · source: Circus - Clowns, Acrobats, Jugglers | Britannica
- Also: Circus clown
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