How a decades-old religious exemption ended in a Supreme Court ruling
In short: Since 1948, Israel's military conscription has been a cornerstone of national life. Yet, a long-standing arrangement for Haredi Jews—designed by David Ben-Gurion to allow for Torah study—has sparked intense debate over fairness and the national burden, culminating in a landmark judicial decision in 2024.
In Israel, military service is compulsory for Jewish males and females, as well as Druze and Circassian males. While women from the Jewish community serve shorter terms than men, Druze and Circassian women are exempt. Notably, non-Druze Arab citizens are not conscripted, though they may choose to volunteer.
The service requirements have fluctuated over time. In 1949, the Defense Service Law set terms at 30 months for men and 18 months for women. Following a 1968 order, these were increased to 36 and 24 months, respectively. By 2022, the minimum term for men was two years and eight months, while women served two years.
A major point of contention has been the Haredi community. Under the principle of 'Torato Umanuto' (Torah study is their occupation), many Yeshiva students previously delayed or avoided service. However, as the Haredi population grew, so did public discontent regarding the 'sharing of the burden.' In June 2024, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that Haredi Jews are eligible for compulsory service, prompting the army to begin drafting them the following month.
The military also manages various exemptions and specialized tracks. While most draftees follow standard paths, some join the Hesder program—a concept by Rabbi Yehuda Amital that combines Talmudic studies with service. Other citizens may be exempt due to medical, psychological, or religious reasons, while high-profile athletes, musicians, or influencers may receive more convenient service terms.
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- Summary by Intellect · source: Conscription in Israel
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