Why Australia's most underrated garden heroes are actually moths

Gardening · Published 7 October 2026 Swipe more like this →

In short: We often celebrate butterflies while dismissing moths as mere pests. However, in the Australian ecosystem, moths are the true heavyweights. From massive pollinators to essential food for birds, these nocturnal specialists are vital for a healthy garden, yet many species remain entirely undiscovered by science.

In Australia, the distinction between butterflies and moths is largely a human invention rather than a biological one. While we typically associate butterflies with daylight and moths with the night, nature is more complex. There are day-flying moths that possess butterfly-like antennae, and there are night-flying moths with large, feathery antennae designed to detect female pheromones. This anatomical specialization allows males to track scents through the dark, a critical survival mechanism. In reality, the biological divide between these insects is quite fluid. Many species do not strictly adhere to these human-defined categories.

The scale of moth diversity in Australia is staggering. While there are approximately 400 butterfly species, there are roughly 11,000 known moth species. Scientists estimate that an additional 10,000 to 20,000 moth species may still be waiting to be listed. This immense diversity is driven by their ability to thrive in varied environments, from lush coastal areas to the arid centre of the continent.

For gardeners, moths are indispensable pollinators. They also serve as a cornerstone of the food web; for instance, about 60% of Australian birds rely on insects, with moths forming a significant part of their diet. However, these essential creatures face mounting pressures from climate change and habitat loss. To support them, experts suggest planting a diverse range of nectar-producing flowers and local indigenous plants. Even mulch plays a role, providing a habitat for eggs and a food source for certain larvae that help break down organic matter. The Melbourne Museum hosts one of the country's largest collections of these insects. Dedicated volunteers work tirelessly to sort and identify every specimen. Providing a variety of flowering plants is essential for their survival. Native flora is particularly beneficial for attracting these important creatures.

General information, not professional advice. Spotted an error? Flag the card or see corrections and complaints.

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