Centuries of rivalry and shifting borders define the Iran–Turkey relationship
In short: From the 16th-century battles between the Ottoman and Safavid empires to modern proxy conflicts in Syria, the relationship between Iran and Turkey is a complex tapestry of historical enmity and economic interdependence. Despite deep-seated sectarian tensions, these neighbors remain vital trade partners navigating a volatile regional landscape.
A long-standing rivalry forms the basis of relations between the Republic of Turkey and the Islamic Republic of Iran. In the 16th century, the Sunni Ottoman Empire and the Shia Safavid empire engaged in prolonged conflicts for dominance. This historical friction was often fueled by sectarian tensions, territorial disputes, and competition over strategic trade routes. For example, the Ottoman-Iranian wars of the late 18th to mid-19th centuries saw significant clashes, including a 1789 conflict centered on Mount Ararat, and the Gok Tepe War (1794–1813), which resulted in Iranian territorial losses under the Treaty of Gulistan.
Despite these historical scars, the two nations are bound by geography and culture. They share a Turco-Persian tradition that has influenced various empires, including the Seljuk and Ottoman. Today, they are major trade partners and are considered mutually interdependent. However, modern geopolitical competition has resurfaced, particularly regarding influence in Syria and the Caucasus. These tensions often manifest as proxy conflicts, where both states support opposing sides to advance their regional interests.
Security concerns also drive modern friction. For instance, Turkey's hosting of a NATO missile shield in 2011 caused a crisis, with Iran viewing it as a potential tool for US-led strikes against Iranian nuclear facilities. Additionally, a 2026 incident involving a ballistic missile intercepted in Turkey—allegedly launched from Iran—further strained diplomatic ties. While they cooperate on issues like drug trafficking and terrorism, the shadow of historical and sectarian division remains a defining feature of their bilateral relations.
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Sources
- Summary by Intellect · source: Iran–Turkey relations
- Also: Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association — Prevalence of dementia in selected Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. · CC BY
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