How Sulphur Leaves Fuel
In short: How refineries use hydrogen, heat and a catalyst to pull sulphur out of fuel as hydrogen sulphide, then turn that gas into solid elemental sulphur.
A 2:08 short film in the series “How Things Work”, narrated by intellect_voice_01.
Sources used in this film: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “Final Rule for Control of Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles: Tier 3 Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards | US EPA”; PubMed Central (US National Library of Medicine); research article by the paper's authors, published in an MDPI journal, “Hydrodesulfurization of Dibenzothiophene over Ni-Mo-W Sulfide Catalysts Supported on Sol-Gel Al2O3-CeO2”; U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), “Sulfur Content, Weighted Average Refinery Crude Oil Input Qualities”; U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), “U.S. Refinery Crude Oil Input Qualities”; United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), “Sulfur Dioxide Basics | US EPA”; US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) for Sulfur Oxides - Health Criteria | US EPA”; Penn State University, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences (FSC 432: Petroleum Refining course materials by Semih Eser), “Hydrotreatment Processes | FSC 432: Petroleum Refining”; University of Arizona, College of Engineering – Interdisciplinary Capstone (Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering student design project), “Hydro-Desulfurization Unit”; National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), US Department of Energy, “Conversion Extraction Desulfurization Process”; Elsevier B.V. (Catalysis Today, 2006), authors from the Clean Fuels and Catalysis Program, The Energy Institute, Pennsylvania State University; PDF hosted on a Penn State personal page, “doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2005.10.017”; Elsevier (ScienceDirect), Polyhedron journal; article by B.C. Gates and Henrik Topsøe, 1997, “Reactivities in deep catalytic hydrodesulfurization: challenges, opportunities, and the importance of 4-methyldibenzothiophene and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene”; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), AP-42 Compilation of Air Emissions Factors, Chapter 8.13 Sulfur Recovery (dated 4/15), “8.13_sulfur_recovery.pdf”; Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (Springer), via PubMed Central / US National Library of Medicine; authors from Cairo University, Port Said University, The British University in Egypt and Egyp…, “Performance assessment and process optimization of a sulfur recovery unit: a real starting up plant”; United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), “Gasoline Sulfur | US EPA”.
Sources used in this film
- US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) — Final Rule for Control of Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles: Tier 3 Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards | US EPA · View →
- PubMed Central (US National Library of Medicine); research article by the paper's authors, published in an MDPI journal — Hydrodesulfurization of Dibenzothiophene over Ni-Mo-W Sulfide Catalysts Supported on Sol-Gel Al2O3-CeO2 · View →
- U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) — Sulfur Content, Weighted Average Refinery Crude Oil Input Qualities · View →
- U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) — U.S. Refinery Crude Oil Input Qualities · View →
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) — Sulfur Dioxide Basics | US EPA · View →
- US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) — Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) for Sulfur Oxides - Health Criteria | US EPA · View →
- Penn State University, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences (FSC 432: Petroleum Refining course materials by Semih Eser) — Hydrotreatment Processes | FSC 432: Petroleum Refining · View →
- University of Arizona, College of Engineering – Interdisciplinary Capstone (Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering student design project) — Hydro-Desulfurization Unit · View →
- National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), US Department of Energy — Conversion Extraction Desulfurization Process · View →
- Elsevier B.V. (Catalysis Today, 2006), authors from the Clean Fuels and Catalysis Program, The Energy Institute, Pennsylvania State University; PDF hosted on a Penn State personal page — doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2005.10.017 · View →
- Elsevier (ScienceDirect), Polyhedron journal; article by B.C. Gates and Henrik Topsøe, 1997 — Reactivities in deep catalytic hydrodesulfurization: challenges, opportunities, and the importance of 4-methyldibenzothiophene and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene · View →
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), AP-42 Compilation of Air Emissions Factors, Chapter 8.13 Sulfur Recovery (dated 4/15) — 8.13_sulfur_recovery.pdf · View →
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (Springer), via PubMed Central / US National Library of Medicine; authors from Cairo University, Port Said University, The British University in Egypt and Egyp… — Performance assessment and process optimization of a sulfur recovery unit: a real starting up plant · View →
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) — Gasoline Sulfur | US EPA · View →
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Sources
- Summary by Intellect · source: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Final Rule for Control of Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles: Tier 3 Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards | US EPA
- Also: PubMed Central (US National Library of Medicine); research article by the paper's authors, published in an MDPI journal: Hydrodesulfurization of Dibenzothiophene over Ni-Mo-W Sulfide Catalysts Supported on Sol-Gel Al2O3-CeO2
- Also: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA): Sulfur Content, Weighted Average Refinery Crude Oil Input Qualities
- Also: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA): U.S. Refinery Crude Oil Input Qualities
- Also: United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA): Sulfur Dioxide Basics | US EPA
- Also: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) for Sulfur Oxides - Health Criteria | US EPA
- Also: Penn State University, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences (FSC 432: Petroleum Refining course materials by Semih Eser: Hydrotreatment Processes | FSC 432: Petroleum Refining
- Also: University of Arizona, College of Engineering – Interdisciplinary Capstone (Department of Chemical and Environmental Eng: Hydro-Desulfurization Unit
- Also: National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), US Department of Energy: Conversion Extraction Desulfurization Process
- Also: Elsevier B.V. (Catalysis Today, 2006), authors from the Clean Fuels and Catalysis Program, The Energy Institute, Pennsyl: doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2005.10.017
- Also: Elsevier (ScienceDirect), Polyhedron journal; article by B.C. Gates and Henrik Topsøe, 1997: Reactivities in deep catalytic hydrodesulfurization: challenges, opportunities, and the importance of 4-methyldibenzothiophene and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene
- Also: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), AP-42 Compilation of Air Emissions Factors, Chapter 8.13 Sulfur Recovery (da: 8.13_sulfur_recovery.pdf
- Also: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (Springer), via PubMed Central / US National Library of Medicine; authors from C: Performance assessment and process optimization of a sulfur recovery unit: a real starting up plant
- Also: United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA): Gasoline Sulfur | US EPA
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