Is the sanctity of human life a religious dogma or a universal value?

Ideas & Philosophy · Published 8 October 2026 Swipe more like this →

In short: The doctrine of the sanctity of life is often dismissed as mere religious dogma. Yet, it remains a cornerstone of legal prohibitions against sacrificing individuals for the greater good. As medical science advances, we must ask if this concept can evolve to address modern dilemmas like gene therapy and assisted suicide.

The sanctity of life is traditionally viewed as a Judeo-Christian doctrine asserting that human life is an intrinsic good. This principle suggests that killing an innocent person is always impermissible. In public discourse, this doctrine is frequently invoked by those opposing abortion and euthanasia, often appearing as a rigid framework that resists secular debate. This principle posits that bodily existence possesses inherent worth. Consequently, it serves as a fundamental pillar for many ethical arguments.

However, recent legal shifts, such as the U.S. Supreme Court's June 2022 overturning of Roe v. Wade, have thrust these ethical questions back into the spotlight. This has prompted scholars to re-examine whether the doctrine is strictly a matter of religious dogma or if it can be understood through the lenses of anthropology and psychology as a 'sacred value.' This re-examination aims to clarify the doctrine's function. It seeks to determine if the concept permits diverse perspectives in modern debates.

Philosophers like Ronald Dworkin have attempted to reconceptualize sacredness in works such as his 1993 book, Life's Dominion, seeking a version of the concept that does not depend on religious tradition. While Dworkin attempted to move the debate away from theology, some argue his 'armchair' approach is inadequate. Critics suggest his method lacks depth. They propose that sacredness should be examined through anthropological and psychological frameworks instead.

The tension between medical progress and these ancient values is growing. Modern science introduces complex dilemmas regarding the beginning of life, such as embryo research and IVF, as well as the end of life, including persistent vegetative states and 'dying with dignity' through assisted suicide. Understanding whether the sanctity of life allows for compromise remains a central challenge for contemporary ethics. These advancements create difficult ethical landscapes. Scholars are now exploring whether a compromise on these values is achievable.

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