The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: A Century of Indian Nationalism and Paramilitary Discipline

Countries & Cities · Published 29 September 2026 Swipe more like this →

In short: Founded in 1925, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh is the world's largest far-right organization. It operates as a paramilitary force dedicated to the ideology of Hindutva, aiming to unite the Hindu community under a singular cultural identity. Its history is marked by deep controversy, political influence, and multiple government bans.

Established in Nagpur by K. B. Hedgewar, the RSS emerged from a desire to instill discipline and martial values in Hindu youth. Inspired by revolutionary secret societies and the writings of V. D. Savarkar, Hedgewar sought to overcome what he perceived as a lack of unity and valour among Hindus. The organization adopted a paramilitary structure, utilizing uniforms, drills, and ideological training sessions known as baudhik to foster a sense of national purpose centered on the Bhagwa Dhwaj, the saffron flag of the warrior king Shivaji.

Throughout the colonial era, the RSS maintained a policy of non-involvement in the Indian independence movement, often collaborating with British authorities to avoid scrutiny. This stance continued under M. S. Golwalkar, who succeeded Hedgewar in 1940. Following India's independence, the organization faced significant friction with the state. It was banned in 1948 after Nathuram Godse, a former member, assassinated Mahatma Gandhi, and later during the Emergency (1975–1977) and following the 1992 demolition of the Babri Masjid.

The RSS has historically held a contentious relationship with the symbols of the modern Indian state. It initially rejected the national Tricolor in favor of its own saffron emblem and criticized the Indian Constitution for failing to incorporate ancient laws from the Manusmriti. Despite these tensions, the organization has grown into a massive umbrella group, the Sangh Parivar, which includes the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party. Today, it remains a powerful, if polarizing, force in Indian society, continuously shaping the nation's political and cultural discourse.

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