The mathematical blueprint for genetic stability in a population
In short: How do we measure if evolution is actually happening? This video breaks down the Hardy-Weinberg equation, a fundamental tool used to determine if a population's genetic variation remains constant or is being shifted by external forces.
Developed independently in 1908 by G. H. Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg, this principle states that genetic variation remains constant from one generation to the next provided no disturbing factors interfere. By looking at a single genetic locus with two alleles (A and a), the equation p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 allows scientists to calculate genotype frequencies: p2 for homozygous AA, q2 for homozygous aa, and 2pq for heterozygous Aa.
The power of this math lies in its application as a baseline. By comparing observed genotype frequencies in a real-world population against the predicted values of the equation, researchers can measure whether evolutionary pressures are at work.
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Sources
- Summary by Intellect · source: Hardy-Weinberg Equation
- Also: Hardy-Weinberg equation | Learn Science at Scitable
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