Can we bridge the gaps in our global climate observation networks?
In short: As the climate changes, our ability to monitor it depends on a massive, complex data chain. While satellites offer a bird's-eye view, they rely on ground-based instruments to stay accurate. Yet, current assessments suggest our global observing system remains uneven and insufficient to meet the growing need for actionable data.
The foundation of climate action rests on reliable observations of our changing world. To monitor these changes, the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) has identified 55 Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) that are critical for understanding planetary shifts. These observations are gathered through a sophisticated combination of satellites orbiting hundreds of kilometers above Earth and various instruments operating on the ground, at sea, and within the atmosphere.
However, recent assessments by iClimateAction—involving GCOS, the WMO, and GEO—reveal a mixed picture regarding our monitoring capabilities. While satellite observations are vital, they require in-situ networks to calibrate and validate their measurements. These ground-based observations are indispensable for capturing data that satellites cannot adequately reach, such as conditions beneath the ocean surface or within complex vegetation canopies.
Significant challenges persist in maintaining these networks. Many current systems rely on voluntary support, in-kind contributions, or short-term research projects, particularly within terrestrial and ocean domains. Furthermore, geographical gaps remain in remote areas, including the polar regions, the Southern Ocean, Southeast Asia, South America, and Africa. Addressing these gaps is essential for the upcoming 2027 GCOS Status Report, which will evaluate the current state of global monitoring and identify critical deteriorations or progress in the system.
The European Space Agency (ESA) is currently looking toward the future to address these needs. At the Ministerial Conference in Naples, Italy, on 20 and 21 November, the agency discussed continuing its Earth Observation efforts. This includes defining new Earth Explorers missions and developing the next generation of meteorology satellites to ensure that the data chain remains robust enough to support decision-makers in managing climate extremes.
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Sources
- Summary by Intellect · source: Ministerial: Earth Observations efforts to continue
- Also: iClimateAction publishes three new reports on the climate observation data chain
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