What does it take to become a modern star sailor?

Space · Published 8 October 2026 Swipe more like this →

In short: The term astronaut translates from Greek as 'star sailor,' but the path to the stars is strictly regulated. From advanced STEM degrees to high-performance jet experience, NASA’s selection process is a rigorous filter designed for the next era of deep-space exploration.

The requirements for NASA astronauts have evolved alongside the agency's shifting mission objectives. Today, the selection process focuses on high-level technical expertise and professional endurance. Applicants must be U.S. citizens holding a master’s degree in a STEM field, such as mathematics, computer science, biological science, physical science, or engineering. This academic threshold can also be satisfied through a completed medical degree or by pursuing two years of doctoral work in a related scientific discipline.

Beyond academics, NASA seeks proven professional competence. Candidates generally need at least three years of relevant experience following their degree. Aspiring pilots must possess 1,000 Pilot-in-Command hours, including a minimum of 850 flown in high-performance jets. For medical doctors, time spent in residency can satisfy the experience requirement, provided the residency is finished by June 2025.

The selection mechanism is a multi-stage funnel managed by the NASA Astronaut Selection Board. After reviewing applications, the board invites a small group to interview at the Johnson Space Center in Houston. Approximately half of those interviewed proceed to a second round, from which the final candidates are chosen. Once selected, new astronauts undergo two years of intensive training, mastering skills ranging from robotic arm control and spacewalking to flying T-38 jet planes.

To achieve its goal of landing the next man and first woman on the Moon, the Artemis program requires such intense training. Using the Orion spacecraft and the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, NASA intends to push humans further into space than ever before, targeting the lunar South Pole and eventually establishing missions to Mars.

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