Is the rise of right-wing populism a new form of fascism?
While some scholars see a dangerous link to 20th-century authoritarianism, others argue it is a distinct revolt against liberal democracy. As mainstream parties lose ground across Europe, the debate intensifies: is this a temporary political shift or a fundamental transformation of the state?
Right-wing populism is characterized by an anti-elitist rhetoric that pits 'the pure people' against a 'corely corrupt elite.' This ideology often centers on nativism—a form of nationalism that asserts the state should be inhabited exclusively by native members, viewing non-native elements as threats to the nation's homogeneity. While often associated with anti-immigration and Euroscepticism, it can also manifest as 'welfare chauvinism,' where the welfare state is expanded but only for those deemed part of the deserving national group.
The movement's relationship with fascism is a subject of intense academic scrutiny. Some political psychologists, such as Shawn W. Rosenberg, suggest its underlying logic expresses the fascist ideologies of the early 20th century. Others, like historian Federico Finchelstein, distinguish between the two, defining populism as a form of 'authoritarian democracy' whereas fascism is an 'ultraviolent dictatorship.' However, scholars like Roger Eatwell note that populism can degenerate into exclusionary politics, and some argue that if rhetorical enmity moves toward the actual persecution of opponents, it may transform into fascism.
In Europe, the movement has gained significant momentum following the 2008 financial crisis and the 2015 refugee crisis. This growth has occurred at the expense of mainstream left and right parties, with groups like the French Rassemblement National, the Austrian FPÖ, and the German AfD successfully mobilizing voters beyond their core bases. In some nations, the traditional 'cordon sanitaire'—the policy of marginalizing extreme parties—has broken down, allowing parties like Italy's Lega or Hungary's Fidesz to enter government or serve as vital coalition partners.
Beyond immigration, the ideology often crystallizes around cultural issues like religion, gender roles, and sexuality. In the digital era, this is frequently accompanied by 'troll science'—the use of distorted scientific arguments—and the spread of conspiracy theories, contributing to what some call 'post-truth politics.'
Source: Right-wing populism
