Why this pre-Islamic poet became the favorite of a powerful caliph

Ideas & Philosophy · Published 3 October 2026 Swipe more like this →

In short: Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma was a master of the pre-Islamic era, celebrated for his ability to distill complex, noble philosophy into remarkably simple language. Unlike his contemporaries who favored biting satire, Zuhayr focused on peace and tribal honor, leaving a legacy that resonated from ancient desert camps to modern art.

Living between approximately 520 and 609 AD, Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma emerged as a towering figure in the literary landscape of pre-Islamic Arabia. A member of the Banu Muzaina tribe, he was part of a distinguished lineage of poets; his own father practiced the craft, and his son, Ka'b bin Zuhayr, later gained recognition for reciting his verses before the Prophet Muhammad. Zuhayr’s reputation was so enduring that he eventually became the preferred poet of Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second caliph.

Zuhayr is most famously associated with the Mu'allaqat, an esteemed anthology of pre-Islamic poetry compiled by Hammad Ar-Rawiya. Legend suggests that the works of the seven poets included in this collection were so highly regarded that they were hung within the Kaaba at Mecca. While his peers often leaned into harsh satire, Zuhayr distinguished himself by prioritizing clarity and moral instruction. His verses frequently addressed the realities of nomadic life, including tribal raids, yet he consistently sought to elevate the discourse by weaving high-minded ideals into accessible, clear phrasing.

The thematic depth of his work often centered on the resolution of long-standing tribal conflicts, reflecting a commitment to social harmony that set him apart from his contemporaries. This focus on noble thought and ethical clarity has allowed his influence to transcend his own time. In 2018, his poetic legacy found a new medium when Saudi artist Zahrah al Ghamdi drew inspiration from his work for her installation, After Illusion, presented at the Venice Biennale. Today, Zuhayr remains a testament to the power of language to bridge the gap between ancient desert traditions and contemporary artistic expression.

His work serves as a reminder that the most enduring literature often avoids the easy path of mockery. By choosing to teach his people through simple, profound observations rather than divisive insults, Zuhayr secured his place as one of the greatest writers of his age. His life and work continue to be studied by scholars, including A. J. Arberry, who explored these ancient odes in his 1957 publication, The Seven Odes.

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