The Chow Chow is an ancient, lion-like breed with a mysterious, dark-pigmented tongue.

Nature · Published 3 October 2026 Swipe more like this →

In short: With roots tracing back 8,300 years in central China, the Chow Chow is a basal breed that predates modern canine standards. Known for its dense mane, curly tail, and unique blue-black tongue, this sturdy dog has served as a war companion, a sled puller, and even a therapist’s assistant.

The Chow Chow is a spitz-type dog characterized by a square profile, broad skull, and a dense double coat that creates a lion-like ruff. Beyond its physical appearance, the breed is biologically distinct; it is the only dog known to possess a blue-black or purple tongue and oral cavity. While this trait is dominant in crossbreeds, it is also found in the Shar Pei, and purple spots can occasionally appear on other purebred dogs.

Historically, the breed’s origins are ancient, with research suggesting it emerged from indigenous dogs in central China approximately 8,300 years ago. Legends describe them as large, lion-like war dogs, and historical accounts note their use in pulling sleds through swampy terrain. The name itself remains an etymological puzzle, as it does not derive from the modern Chinese term 'sōng shī quǎn,' which translates to 'loose lion dog.'

In modern times, the breed is recognized for its unique temperament and health profile. Sigmund Freud famously relied on his Chow Chow, Jofi, to judge the character of his patients during therapy sessions. However, the breed faces specific health challenges, including higher-than-average predispositions to hip and elbow dysplasia, glaucoma, and certain autoimmune conditions. Studies have also highlighted specific risks, such as an increased odds ratio for stomach cancer and oral melanoma.

Today, the breed remains a subject of interest for both kennel clubs and researchers. While the American Kennel Club registers roughly 10,000 Chows annually, the breed is often classified as high-risk by insurance companies, which can impact homeowners' policies. Despite these complexities, the Chow Chow remains a significant figure in canine history, serving as a foundational ancestor for newer breeds like the Eurasier.

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