Why do some people intentionally inflict pain or deprivation upon their own bodies?

Countries & Cities · Published 3 October 2026 Swipe more like this →

In short: Across history and cultures, individuals have sought spiritual transformation through the deliberate mortification of the flesh. Whether through fasting, self-flagellation, or extreme endurance, these practices aim to subdue sinful inclinations or expand consciousness. From ancient religious traditions to modern body modification, the motivations for self-denial remain remarkably diverse.

In Christian theology, the concept of mortifying the flesh is rooted in the New Testament, particularly in the writings of the Apostle Paul. Romans 8:13 and Colossians 3:5 provide the scriptural foundation, urging believers to 'put to death' the deeds of the body or earthly passions. Historically, this was interpreted as a way to repent for sins, share in the suffering of Jesus, and achieve sanctification. Early practitioners, including St. Jerome, embraced severe penances, while later figures like Martin Luther and John Wesley viewed such discipline as essential for maintaining spiritual focus and subduing the body's sinful proclivities.

The methods of Christian mortification have varied from simple fasting and celibacy to more rigorous physical disciplines. Instruments such as the discipline—a seven-tailed scourge—and the spugna, a cork studded with metal, were used for self-flagellation. Others wore hair-shirts or chain cilices to cause constant, mild discomfort. While these acts were often intended to humble the practitioner, some traditions, such as the Lutheran perspective, emphasized that these exercises were not meant to earn divine grace, but rather to keep the body in subjection to one's spiritual calling.

Beyond Christianity, the practice of self-denial and pain endurance appears in shamanic and indigenous traditions, often as a means to mark life transitions or attain altered states of consciousness. Modern secular interpretations also exist, where individuals engage in painful body modifications to gain self-awareness, assert control over their physical form, or transcend perceived limitations. Unlike traditional religious mortification, which often seeks humility, these contemporary approaches are frequently intended to empower the participant, highlighting a significant shift in the underlying purpose of bodily discipline.

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