The silent threat to our woodlands: how mammals impact tree survival
In short: Beyond the visible damage of bark stripping lies a deeper ecological risk. While deer browsing can slash timber values by up to 50%, the impact on biodiversity and new woodland establishment can be even more devastating for our ecosystems.
Protecting young trees is a complex challenge for landowners and managers. According to Chris Tomlin, a Policy Advisor at the Forestry Commission, mammal damage can significantly impact trees of all ages, affecting both timber production and essential ecosystem services like biodiversity conservation. In extreme scenarios, browsing by deer can even prevent the establishment of new woodlands entirely.
The damage typically manifests in two ways: browsing, where animals feed on foliage, buds, and shoots, and bark stripping, where mammals gnaw or rub against main stems and branches. While deer are a primary concern, a variety of species contribute to the problem. In the UK, the Forestry Commission’s new guidance covers 23 mammal species across eight groups, including grey squirrels, voles, rabbits, hares, beavers, and even domestic livestock.
The consequences of failing to protect these saplings extend far beyond the loss of individual trees. Unchecked damage can stunt growth, degrade timber quality, and even kill trees. This loss of structural diversity in the shrub layer removes critical habitats for woodland birds and mammals. Furthermore, it can reduce the abundance of vital plant species such as bluebell, honeysuckle, dog’s mercury, and bramble.
For those managing small-scale ornamental trees, practical physical barriers can offer a solution. Landscape contractor Roger Cook suggests using 8-foot-tall wooden stakes to support deer netting, securing the mesh to the wood with cable ties and a staple gun. This method, alongside tools like hand pruners for trimming, provides a way to keep hungry deer at bay.
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Sources
- Summary by Intellect · source: How to Deer-Proof Small Trees | This Old House
- Also: How to protect trees and woodland from mammal damage – Forestry Commission
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