Why the most common form of vegetarianism is actually a blend of three sources
In short: Lacto-ovo vegetarianism is the default definition of vegetarian in the West, yet its name reveals a specific, ancient combination of ingredients. By excluding flesh while embracing dairy, eggs, and honey, this dietary pattern balances modern health goals with historical traditions that have shaped global eating habits for centuries.
The term lacto-ovo vegetarianism is a precise linguistic construction derived from Latin roots: lac for milk and ovum for egg. While Westerners often use the term vegetarian as a shorthand for this specific diet, the definition is not universal. In India, for example, the term vegetarian typically implies a lacto-vegetarian diet, leading to the colloquial use of eggetarian to describe those who include eggs in their regimen. This distinction highlights how cultural and religious contexts, particularly within Hinduism and Buddhism, dictate the nuances of what is considered acceptable animal-derived food.
Historically, the promotion of this diet has deep roots in religious practice. In 1809, William Cowherd founded the Bible Christian Church, which advocated for the consumption of eggs, dairy, and honey, citing biblical references to a land flowing with milk and honey. Cowherd later influenced the formation of the Vegetarian Society in 1847. Similarly, since the late 19th century, many Seventh-day Adventists have adopted and recommended this dietary pattern, viewing it as a path to wellness. These groups established a framework that persists today, where the diet is recognized not just as a restriction, but as a positive nutritional choice.
Modern science largely supports these historical health claims. The 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans identify the lacto-ovo vegetarian pattern as a viable option for disease prevention. Research indicates that this diet can lower blood pressure, reduce total cholesterol, and decrease levels of low-density lipoprotein. Furthermore, the American Heart Association noted in a 2026 scientific statement that it supports cardiovascular health and weight management. However, the diet is not without risks; it is associated with an increased likelihood of iron deficiency. Despite this, the overall diet quality remains high, offering a structured approach to nutrition that balances legumes, grains, and seeds with essential animal-derived proteins.
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