The Holy See is a sovereign power without a primary territory

History · Published 20 October 2026 Swipe more like this →

In short: While most nations derive power from land, the Holy See operates as a sovereign subject of international law despite having no territory for nearly sixty years. It maintains a global diplomatic network that functions independently of the tiny Vatican City state it inhabits.

The distinction between the Holy See and Vatican City is fundamental to its international status. While Vatican City is the physical city-state over which the Holy See holds 'full ownership' and 'sovereign authority,' the two are separate entities. The Holy See is the primary subject of international law, responsible for establishing treaties, concluding concordats, and participating in international organizations. Vatican City serves as a 'minuscule support-state' designed to guarantee the spiritual freedom of the Pope with the minimum amount of territory required.

This unique status was tested during the 1870s when the Papal States were annexed by Italy. For nearly sixty years (1870–1929), the Holy See was entirely devoid of territory. Nevertheless, the entity preserved its authority to exchange envoys, upholding connections with leading nations such as Prussia and Russia. In fact, during this period of territorial loss, the number of states maintaining diplomatic relations with the Holy See almost doubled, growing from 16 in 1870 to 27 by 1929.

Today, the Holy See manages a sophisticated diplomatic apparatus directed by the Secretariat of State. It maintains relations with 184 sovereign states, including 181 UN member states. Its approach has shifted from traditional state interests toward 'soft power,' focusing on humanitarian programs and peace mediation. This was evidenced by its role as an arbitrator in 13 international disputes between 1870 and 1929, including a notable case regarding the Caroline Islands between Germany and Spain.

The Holy See's diplomacy is also marked by specific exclusions and strategic shifts. It recognizes the State of Palestine and Taiwan but lacks relations with 12 UN member states, including the People's Republic of China. Its modern history includes 'Ostpolitik'—a strategy following the Cuban missile crisis to downplay ideological conflicts with communist countries to facilitate religious access.

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