Why Britain's path to Europe required a greater adjustment than any other nation
In short: For decades, Britain’s relationship with the European continent has been defined by deep institutional contrasts. While geographically inseparable, Britain's imperial history and unique wartime experience created a distinct political identity that made joining the European enterprise a profound challenge.
The fundamental tension in Britain's relationship with the continent stems from deep-seated differences in history and institutions. As Professor Vernon Bogdanor notes, these contrasts were significantly intensified by the Second World War. Because Britain remained uninvaded and unruled by Fascist or Nazi powers—unlike most continental nations—it emerged from the conflict as a victor alongside Russia. This unique position meant that while continental powers had to grapple with the legacies of occupation or collaboration, Britain's political identity remained relatively intact.
This divergence was further shaped by Britain's imperial past, which fostered a 'habit of mind' distinct from continental powers. This sense of separation was often reflected in the national psyche; for instance, the 1940 evacuation at Dunkirk was widely celebrated as a triumph rather than a defeat. Such sentiments were echoed by King George VI, who privately expressed relief at having no allies to 'pamper' following the fall of France.
The struggle to integrate these two distinct identities has made Europe a 'toxic' issue in British politics since the early 1960s. The first major attempt to join the European Community by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in 1961 failed due to a veto from French President Charles de Gaulle. Subsequent attempts by Harold Wilson's government in 1967 also failed, and it was not until 1973, under Edward Heath, that Britain finally entered. These historical frictions created lasting divisions that have split both the Labour and Conservative parties for decades.
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Sources
- Summary by Intellect · source: Britain and the Continent - Vernon Bogdanor
- Also: Britain and the Continent
- Also: 10-Minute Talks: Britain and Europe in a troubled world
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