Why the noisy May bug is actually a misunderstood giant of the soil

Nature · Published 3 October 2026 Swipe more like this →

In short: Often mistaken for a stinging pest, the cockchafer is a harmless, fan-antennaed beetle that spends most of its life underground. Though they occasionally tumble down chimneys, these large insects are vital components of the ecosystem, serving as a key food source for bats and owls throughout their multi-year larval development.

The cockchafer, or Melolontha melolontha, is a large scarab beetle that has long captured public attention. Despite the nickname 'May bug,' these insects are not true bugs; they belong to the scarab family and are physically distinguished by their reddish-brown wing cases that meet in a mid-line. Adults typically measure 2.5 to 3cm in length and are easily identified by their hairy bodies and distinctive orange, fan-like antennae. While they are often feared due to their size and noisy flight at dusk, they are entirely incapable of stinging.

The most remarkable phase of the cockchafer's life occurs out of sight. They spend three to four years underground as C-shaped, white grubs with reddish-brown heads. During this time, they feed on plant roots, which can occasionally lead to them being classified as agricultural pests if their numbers are high enough. Once they finally emerge as adults, their lifespan is brief, lasting only about five to seven weeks. During this short window, they focus on finding mates and feeding on tree leaves, often mistaking chimney stacks for tree tops.

The species is widespread across Europe, though its presence is limited by environmental factors like high altitude and cold temperatures. Their mating behavior is highly sophisticated, relying on pheromones and plant volatiles to locate partners and food sources. Because they are attracted to light, they are frequently encountered by humans in domestic settings, such as getting trapped in lamp shades or falling into fireplaces. Despite their reputation, they remain a critical link in the food chain, providing essential nutrition for predators like owls and bats.

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