The walled heart of Baku was once a city of strictly divided social quarters.

Countries & Cities · Published 15 October 2026 Swipe more like this →

In short: The Old City of Baku, Azerbaijan, is a medieval fortress that evolved from a tight-knit, insular community into a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Once defined by rigid social quarters and defensive tunnels, this ancient core reveals a complex history of shifting empires, cinematic fame, and a long-standing struggle for preservation.

The Old City, or İçərişəhər, serves as the historical nucleus of Baku. While its exact origins remain a subject of academic debate—with estimates ranging from the 7th to the 12th century—the area is defined by its medieval architecture, including the 15th-century Palace of the Shirvanshahs and the iconic Maiden Tower. By the 19th century, the city’s social structure was organized into distinct quarters, often named after the local mosque or the trade practiced by its inhabitants. These included the Aghshalvarlilar, or 'those with white pants,' and the Gemichiler, a quarter for shipbuilders and sailors.

The arrival of the Russian Empire in the 19th century fundamentally altered the city's character. As Baku expanded beyond its walls, the population split into the 'Inner City' and the 'Outer City,' with residents inside the walls often viewing themselves as superior to those outside. This period saw the introduction of European architectural styles like Baroque and Gothic, as well as the demolition of sea-facing walls in 1865 to fund the construction of the Baku Boulevard. The area also became a hub for education, hosting early institutions like the Darulfunun, though these eventually gave way to secular schools.

In December 2000, the Old City became the first location in Azerbaijan to be named a UNESCO World Heritage Site. However, the site’s status has been precarious; in 2003, it was placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger due to earthquake damage and poor restoration efforts. It was eventually removed from the list in 2009 following successful preservation initiatives. Beyond its historical significance, the Old City has served as a backdrop for numerous Soviet and Azerbaijani films, including the famous 'Diamond Hand,' which even features a monument to actor Yuri Nikulin within its streets.

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