How a Czech industrial powerhouse became the global capital of golden lager

Countries & Cities · Published 30 September 2026 Swipe more like this →

In short: Plzeň is more than a beer-brewing legend. Founded in the 13th century, this Czech city evolved from a medieval trade hub into an industrial titan. While its name is synonymous with the world's first golden lager, its history is defined by engineering prowess, wartime resilience, and a complex political legacy.

Plzeň was established as a royal city in 1295 by King Wenceslaus II. Strategically positioned on trade routes connecting Bohemia with Bavaria, it quickly flourished, becoming the third-largest city in Bohemia by the 14th century. Its history is marked by significant turbulence; it served as a Catholic stronghold during the 15th-century Hussite Wars and endured multiple sieges during the Thirty Years' War. By the late 17th century, the city began to adopt the Baroque architectural style that still defines its protected historic centre today.

The 19th century brought rapid industrialisation, fundamentally altering the city's identity. In 1869, Emil Škoda founded the Škoda Works, which grew into a massive engineering and armaments complex, employing over 30,000 workers by 1917. This industrial might made Plzeň a target during World War II, leading to devastating Allied air raids in April 1945. Following the war, the city experienced the 1953 Plzeň uprising, where workers protested against communist currency reforms, highlighting the city's long-standing tradition of political engagement.

Despite its industrial grit, Plzeň is globally celebrated for its contribution to brewing. In 1842, Bavarian brewer Josef Groll perfected the modern Pilsner style by combining soft local water, Saaz noble hops, and a triple decoction mashing process. This golden, clear beer became a sensation, leading to the registration of 'Pilsner Bier' as a brand by 1859. Today, the city remains a prosperous business centre, producing roughly two-thirds of the Plzeň Region's GDP, while balancing its heritage as the birthplace of the world's most imitated beer style.

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