The golden flower that symbolizes both imperial power and mourning
From the Japanese Chrysanthemum Throne to the funeral rites of Europe, this autumn bloom carries immense cultural weight. Known as the 'golden flower,' its history spans millennia of cultivation, spanning from ancient Chinese medicinal traditions to the sophisticated floral artistry of the Japanese Edo period.
The chrysanthemum's legacy is deeply rooted in East Asian history. In China, cultivation dates back as far as the 15th century BCE, where the plant became one of the 'Four Gentlemen' of art, alongside bamboo, orchid, and plum blossom. By 1630, over 500 varieties were already recorded, a number that grew significantly; by 2014, estimates suggested there were roughly 20,000 cultivars globally, with about 7,000 in China alone.
In Japan, the flower's importance is tied to the monarchy, as the imperial crest and the 'Chrysanthemum Throne' both bear its name. The culture of the flower flourished during the Edo period (early 17th to late 19th century), producing a vast array of shapes and colors. This era even saw the development of the 'Ogiku' style, featuring massive blooms exceeding 20 centimeters in diameter. The tradition of formal shows dates back to 910, when the imperial court held its first exhibition.
However, the flower's symbolism is far from universal. While it can represent cheerfulness or even 'slighted love' in Victorian flower language, it carries much heavier connotations elsewhere. In several European nations, such as France, Italy, and Poland, certain varieties are strictly associated with death and used for graves. Similarly, in East Asian cultures, white chrysanthemums often symbolize grief and lamentation.
Beyond aesthetics, the plant has practical utility. The species Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium serves as a natural source of pyrethrins, which are used in biodegradable insecticides to attack the nervous systems of insects. Even in the kitchen, the flowers are used in teas and Korean rice wines, while the leaves are a staple in various Chinese dishes.
Source: Chrysanthemum
