Modern humans inhabited Central Europe in a cold steppe environment 43,500 years ago

Cultures · Published 24 October 2026 Swipe more like this →

In short: Researchers analyzing the Willendorf II site in Austria found evidence that modern humans settled north of the Alps as early as 43,500 years ago. By examining stone tools and animal remains, the study revealed that these early populations lived in a medium-cold, steppe-like landscape characterized by boreal trees along valley edges.

The study used stratigraphic, paleoenvironmental, and chronological data to date the archaeological horizon 3 at Willendorf II. This high-resolution environmental context provides a rare look at the early Aurignacian period. However, while the findings suggest a period of overlap between modern humans and Neanderthals, the study's reliance on specific site horizons means these patterns may not represent all of Europe.

Why it matters: This finding pushes back the known timing of modern human settlement in Central Europe and provides a rare glimpse into their early environment.

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